Oxford Castle, Oxford (must see)

The Oxford Castle is one of the oldest surviving landmarks in Oxford, with a history stretching back nearly a thousand years. Built shortly after the Norman Conquest around 1071 by Norman baron Robert d’Oyly, the castle began as a wooden motte-and-bailey fortress on the western edge of the medieval town, close to important river crossings. Over time, the timber defences were replaced with stone structures, transforming the site into a fortified stronghold. Although much of the original complex has disappeared, the surviving motte and the imposing Saint George’s Tower remain among the oldest structures in Oxford.

During the Middle Ages, the castle served as both a military base and an administrative centre. It played a notable role during the 12th-century civil conflict known as The Anarchy, when Empress Matilda used the castle as a stronghold in her struggle for the English throne against Stephen, King of England. After a lengthy siege, Matilda is said to have escaped across snowy ground at night while dressed in white to avoid detection. In the 13th century, additional fortifications were added, including the Round Tower and improvements to the chapel. By the reign of Henry III of England, the castle had begun to serve as a prison, a role it continued to play for centuries.

Following damage during the English Civil War, the prison remained active and later expanded into HM Prison Oxford, which operated until 1996. Today, the former prison buildings have been adapted into a hotel, offices, shops, and a heritage complex, while the courtyard hosts markets and occasional theatre performances. Visitors can join guided tours led by costumed interpreters, exploring Saint George’s Tower, the Norman crypt, former prison cells, and the vaulted Well Chamber beneath the motte.