Spasskaya Tower, Moscow

Spasskaya Tower is the principal ceremonial gateway of the Moscow Kremlin and a prominent structure overlooking Red Square. It was built in 1491 by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari during the Kremlin’s reconstruction under Grand Prince Ivan III.

Originally called Frolovskaya Tower, it was renamed Spasskaya in 1658, in connection with sacred images of the Savior above its gates. The tower rises approximately 71 meters including its star. Its elaborate upper section and stone tented roof were added in 1624–1625 by architect Bazhen Ogurtsov and English engineer Christopher Galloway. Clocks have occupied the tower for centuries, while the present chime mechanism is based on equipment extensively rebuilt by the Butenop brothers in 1851. A double-headed eagle formerly crowned the structure, but Soviet authorities replaced it with a star in 1935. The present illuminated ruby-glass star was installed in 1937. Historically, the gateway served as the Kremlin’s main ceremonial entrance for rulers, patriarchs, and foreign ambassadors and was traditionally treated with particular reverence. Its clock and chimes remain associated with state ceremonies and New Year celebrations.

Above the gateway facing Red Square is the Icon of the Savior of Smolensk. Concealed behind plaster and a metal screen during the Soviet period, it was rediscovered in 2010. Following conservation, the image was unveiled and consecrated on August 28, 2010, restoring an important religious element to the tower’s façade.