Clifford's Tower, York (must see)

Clifford's Tower in York is a historical site steeped in a rich and tumultuous past. It stands as the largest surviving part of York Castle, which was once northern England's most formidable medieval royal fortress.

Originally constructed by William the Conqueror in 1068–69, Clifford's Tower was built to assert control over the rebellious north. The tower has endured multiple devastations, having been burned down twice before being reconstructed by Henry III in the 13th century. It is named after a particularly dark event in which Roger de Clifford was executed for treason against Edward II and his body was displayed on the tower walls.

Today, the tower's stone structure, dating from the late 13th century, invites visitors to explore its multifaceted history. The site is significant not only for its military and royal associations but also as the tragic setting of the 1190 massacre of about 150 Jews who sought refuge there.

If you are ready to start exploring the tower, locate the stone staircase on the southeastern side, which leads up to the entrance of the keep. Once inside, climb the modern timber staircase to reach the elevated roof deck. Follow the wooden catwalk around the perimeter for unparalleled views of York, including York Minster, the North York Moors, and other remnants of York Castle.

From this vantage point, you can also view the "Eye of York"—a collection of buildings that includes the Female Prison, Debtor's Prison, and the Assize Courts. Specifically, look directly down from the southern parapet to examine the curved classical façade of the Assize Courts and the surrounding buildings of the Eye of York.

The ground floor of Clifford's Tower, once the royal exchequer, now invites visitors to explore its history. A tactile model in the courtyard showcases its unique, possibly French-inspired, four-lobed architecture. The first floor features a richly decorated chapel that was formerly used as private apartments.