Tempio di Saturno (Temple of Saturn), Rome

The Temple of Saturn, one of the most recognizable ruins in the Roman Forum, stands as a testament to Rome’s ancient religious and financial traditions. Positioned at the base of the Capitoline Hill, near the Arch of Septimius Severus, its surviving columns are an enduring symbol of Rome’s legendary past.

The temple’s origins date back to 497 BC, when it was constructed under the rule of Tarquinius, the last king of Rome, just before the establishment of the Roman Republic. Over the centuries, the structure underwent multiple reconstructions due to fires and other damage. The present ruins belong to a 4th-century AD restoration, as indicated by an inscription on the architrave, which credits the Roman Senate for its rebuilding after a major fire.

Dedicated to Saturn, an ancient Roman deity associated with agriculture, wealth, and abundance, the temple also functioned as Rome’s public treasury. This role lasted throughout the Republican era and continued to some extent under the Empire. Saturn was later equated with the Greek god Kronos, further elevating his significance within Roman religion.

Architecturally, the Temple of Saturn was famous for its grand portico, featuring eight towering Ionic columns that once supported an elaborate pediment and frieze. Though much of the structure has vanished, the architrave inscription remains intact, reading: “The Senate and People of Rome restored what fire had consumed.” This highlights both the temple’s resilience and the collective civic duty of the Roman people.

Beyond its religious and financial roles, the temple played a key part in the Saturnalia festival, held annually on December 17th. This lively event, which later evolved into Christmas traditions, was characterized by role reversals-slaves were temporarily treated as equals to their masters-along with feasting, gift-giving, and general revelry. The festival culminated on December 25th, the Day of the Invincible Sun, marking a transition from Roman to Christian holiday customs.

Over time, the temple also housed a bank, a logical evolution given Saturn’s association with wealth. Today, what remains of this once-grand structure are its podium and eight massive granite and marble columns, offering a glimpse into its former splendor. Though much of the original temple is lost, its historical and cultural significance endures, inviting visitors to imagine its past glory at the heart of ancient Rome.