Thermes de Constantin (Baths of Constantine), Arles

The Baths of Constantine are a remarkable testament to Roman engineering and everyday life in the ancient city. Built in the early 4th century AD during the reign of Emperor Constantine the Great, they formed part of a larger palatial complex overlooking the Rhône and served as a place where citizens could enjoy bathing, relaxation, and social interaction — a staple of Roman urban culture. Although only a portion of the baths survives today, what remains offers a vivid impression of their original scale and function.

The best-preserved section includes the caldarium, or hot room, recognizable by its thick walls and semi-domed architecture that once supported an elaborate heating system known as the hypocaust, which circulated warm air beneath the floors. Fragments representing the frigidarium and tepidarium — the cold and warm rooms — recall the ritual progression of Roman bathing. The brick arches, vaulted ceilings, and traces of marble decoration highlight the sophistication of Arles as a Roman colony and the comfort and luxury that bathers could enjoy nearly 1,700 years ago.

Over time, the structure endured damage and alterations, particularly in the Middle Ages when the surrounding area was fortified. Yet its core remained intact, earning recognition as a historic monument as early as the 19th century. Thanks to this resilience, the Baths of Constantine are among the best-preserved Roman baths in France, alongside the renowned Baths of Cluny in Paris.