The Main Square marks the birthplace of Lima, founded here in 1535 by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro. It is also the spot from which José de San Martín proclaimed Peru’s independence from Spain in 1821. Surrounding the square are many of the city’s most important historic landmarks, including the Government Palace, Municipal Palace, Archbishop’s Palace, Palace of the Union, and the Cathedral of Lima.

A set of four streets- Union Street, Carabaya Street, Junin Street, and Huallaga Street-frame the square in a perfect grid. After the conquest of the Incas, King Charles I of Spain decreed that new colonial cities must be designed following such a grid plan, with streets radiating from a central square. Lima’s orderly layout remains one of the best examples of this early urban planning.

Beyond the square, several other landmarks of historical interest lie nearby, such as House of the Oidor and the San Francisco Church with its famous catacombs. The entire area breathes history, blending colonial architecture, political legacy, and the rhythm of daily life.

Tip:
Be sure to pack a pair of sunglasses to be able to see the details on the bright yellow buildings. At noon at the Presidential Palace, there is the Changing of the Guard – really interesting to watch. Check out a few places before buying expensive souvenirs, as many stores carry the same goods at varying prices. They'll try to sell you at the highest price – so negotiate!

Situated primarily in the heart of Lima, specifically in the Cercado de Lima and Rímac areas, the Historic Centre of Lima stands out as one of Peru's top tourist attractions. This area holds significant historical value as the city of Lima was established by Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, and originally named the "City of the Kings." Interestingly, despite this early name, Lima retained its original name over time. There are two possible sources for this name: the Aymara language term "lima-limaq," which means "yellow flower," or the Spanish pronunciation of the Quechuan word "rimaq," meaning "talker." In the nearby Quechua I languages, this Quechuan word is actually written and pronounced as "limaq." Early maps of Peru often display both names together.

Within the historical center of Lima, you can find over 1,600 balconies that were constructed during both the viceroyalty period and the republican era. To ensure their preservation, the Municipality of Lima has invited individuals and businesses to adopt a balcony and maintain it in pristine condition. The profusion of these balconies contributes to the distinctive charm and authenticity of this part of the city.

During the Viceroyalty of Peru, a rich tapestry of art, magnificence, grandeur, and a legendary royal lifestyle emerged. The authority of the viceroy, who represented the Spanish monarchy, held great significance, as their appointment marked a significant ascent and the successful culmination of a career in colonial administration.

The ceremonial entrances of new viceroys into Lima were particularly opulent affairs. On such occasions, the streets were paved with silver bars from the city's gates to the Palace of the Viceroy, symbolizing the grandeur and wealth associated with this era.

In 1988, UNESCO recognized the historic center of Lima as a World Heritage Site due to its unique character and the abundance of historic monuments dating back to the Spanish colonial era.

Santo Domingo Church stands on land donated in 1540 by Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish conquistador and founder of the city, to the Dominican friar Vicente Valverde. It is one of Lima’s oldest and most historically significant places of worship. Over the centuries, the church has undergone several renovations and modifications and today displays a distinctive Baroque style that continues to attract visitors from around the world.

The church features three naves-the Chapel of the Rosary, the Chapel of Saint Rose, and the Choir-all finely carved in cedar. Its main tower, rising about 60 meters, is one of the tallest in Lima and offers a splendid vantage point over the city. Santo Domingo is also a deeply revered site, housing the remains of Saint Martin de Porres, Saint Rose of Lima, and Saint John Macías. A statue of Saint Rose, presented by Pope Clement X, is also preserved here.

The chapter house of Santo Domingo holds special historical importance as the birthplace of the University of San Marcos, founded in the 16th century as the first university in Peru and the oldest in the Americas. The adjoining library, with its shelves of ancient volumes and serene atmosphere, is a treasure in itself-an inspiring space for anyone who appreciates history, art, and the quiet beauty of old books.

Tip:
Interesting tour with the Spanish/English-speaking guides is included in the ticket price for the convent.

Also known as the House of Pizarro, the Government Palace is the official residence of the President of Peru, located on the bank of the Rimac river, overlooking the northern side of Main Square. This imposing site is graced with history and presented both strategic and spiritual importance to the ancient Incas as a former burial ground that had once housed the shrine of Taulichusco, the last chief of the Incas.

Construction of the palace was ordered by Francisco Pizarro in 1535. Since then it has endured multiple renovations with the last one occurring in the 1930s, resulting from which is the current French Baroque look of the building. The project was undertaken by architects, Ricardo Malachowski of Poland and Jean Claude Sahut of France, and was overseen by Peruvian dictators.

Though the Government Palace is normally closed to public wandering, you can request a special tour through the protocol/public relations office (often with advance notice). The Changing of the Guard takes place daily at noon, visible from the plaza without any ticket. Inside, highlights include the Golden Hall and Jorge Basadre Hall among other ceremonial rooms.

Tip:
Arrive by 11:30 a.m. if you wish to catch the musical buildup. Also, at 6 p.m., watch the flag lowering ceremony at the palace gates - a quieter but dignified ritual of the day’s close.

The Basilica and Convent of San Francisco is a magnificent piece of architecture and a site of great religious importance in Lima, popular with both locals and visitors alike. Tourists are often awestruck by its dome and the fascinating half-spherical vault intricately carved in cedar. Together with its adjoining church, the convent forms part of the Historic Centre of Lima, which was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991. The complex also includes the famous catacombs and an impressive library.

Book lovers will find a treasure trove in the vast library, which houses nearly 25,000 volumes, including incunabula and manuscripts dating back to the 15th century. Those seeking adventure can descend into the eerie catacombs, an experience that feels straight out of an old-world exploration film. Each year, during the Saint Jude festival, a solemn procession of forty people carries a special silver stand through the convent’s grounds. Combined with its library, church, and catacombs, this site offers a truly unforgettable glimpse into Lima’s colonial and spiritual heritage.

Tip:
It’s worth paying a little extra for the catacombs tour, which includes a guided visit through the convent. Tours are available in both English and Spanish, and the stories shared along the way make the experience especially rewarding.

The Cathedral of Lima is one of the oldest and most historic structures in the city. The Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro is said to have laid the first stone himself, even carrying the first log used in its construction. The cathedral was officially consecrated in 1625, though its origins date back to 1535, making it nearly as old as Lima itself.

The cathedral is particularly noted for its opulent interior, featuring a delicately vaulted ceiling, a checkerboard floor, and exquisite Baroque furnishings. Among its most remarkable features are the beautifully carved choir stalls and the mosaic chapel that houses Pizarro’s tomb. The façade, designed in Renaissance style and later completed with neoclassical touches, mirrors the grandeur of Lima’s colonial era.

Inside the cathedral, a small museum displays religious artifacts and artworks that are well worth seeing. The marble flooring, 17th-century golden altars, and impressive paintings enhance the building’s grandeur, while its chapels, and upper galleries make exploration both fascinating and rewarding. Among the artworks are paintings by the Cusco School, a renowned colonial art movement blending European and Andean traditions. The museum also preserves antique liturgical vestments, silver chalices, and historic documents reflecting Lima’s ecclesiastical heritage.

The cathedral contains 15 smaller chapels, each dedicated to a different saint. A true monument of immense historical and cultural value, it offers visitors an extraordinary glimpse into Lima’s colonial and religious past. Together with the surrounding buildings on the Main Square, the Cathedral of Lima forms the centerpiece of the city’s UNESCO World Heritage-listed historic centre. The building also serves as the seat of the Archdiocese of Lima, maintaining its role as the spiritual heart of the Peruvian capital. Its bells continue to mark major religious events and national ceremonies.

Tip:
Consider buying a combo ticket to visit both the Cathedral of Lima and the neighboring Archbishop’s Palace. Each showcases stunning colonial architecture and art, and guided tours offer valuable insight into their history. While tipping your guide isn’t mandatory, a small gratuity is appreciated for a well-conducted tour.