Part of the expansive Municipal Palace ("Palazzo d'Accursio") complex, the Salaborsa Library occupies the former Stock Exchange (Borsa), ingeniously repurposed into a modern multimedia library and cultural hub, designed in Art Nouveau style. Beneath the library's expansive floor, a glass panel in the Covered Square unveils remnants of medieval and Roman settlements, including fragments of the forum and Roman pavement, offering visitors unrestricted access to these historical excavations from the lower basement level.

Before assuming its current role, this sizeable section of the Municipal Palace served a multitude of functions. In 1568, the renowned Bolognese naturalist, Ulisse Aldrovandi, established Bologna's Botanic Garden in the courtyard here, dedicated to the academic exploration of medicinal plants, marking one of Europe's earliest botanic gardens (the present-day botanic garden is located in the university quarter). Subsequently, the courtyard transitioned into a military training ground and later housed bank offices, a puppet theatre, and even a basketball court before being transformed into the Stock Exchange.

Adjacent to the historic King Enzo Palace ("Palazzo Re Enzo"), in the lively square bearing his name, proudly stands the Fountain of Neptune ("Fontana del Nettuno"), a masterpiece crafted by Giambologna in 1556. Born Jean Boulogne in Flanders, this sculptor found his creative groove in Florence; however, it was his aquatic masterpiece in Bologna that truly made waves.

At the heart of the fountain reigns a colossal Neptune (dubbed 'Il Gigante'), flanked by cherubs and four luscious sirens astride dolphins, playfully spouting water from, shall we say, unconventional sources. Initially causing quite the stir with its unabashed nudity, the statue eventually won over censorship, becoming a symbol of irreverence cherished by the locals who revel in uncovering the most strategic vantage points to admire Neptune's, ahem, commanding presence.

To accommodate the fountain, an entire city block was razed, making space for its imposing presence. Its base is covered with Verona marble, while each dolphin symbolizes prominent rivers of the era: the Ganges, Nile, Amazon, and Danube, while Neptune, in all his grandeur, reigns over the seas, symbolizing the Pope's dominion over Bologna and beyond.

At the southern tip of Independence Street stands the Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Peter, offering free entry to visitors. Despite its cathedral status, this grand structure plays second fiddle to the city's beloved basilica, San Petronio, both architecturally and artistically.

In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII elevated the Bishop of Bologna to Archbishop, upgrading the cathedral to a 'metropolitan church'. This transformation aimed to showcase papal power, resulting in significant remodeling that obscured much of the original Romanesque-Gothic design. However, the interior boasts a majestic Baroque style and hosts several notable artworks. Among them are a 12th-century Romanesque crucifix carved from cedarwood and a 16th-century terracotta sculpture series titled "Lament over the Dead Christ" by Lombardi. Visitors can also admire a beautiful annunciation fresco by Ludovico Carracci, alongside paintings by various local artists.

For a unique experience, take a leisurely stroll down Via Altabella to catch sight of the soaring bell tower. Here, you'll find "La Nonna" (the grandmother), the largest bell in Bologna, weighing a hefty 3.3 tonnes. This bell is played using the traditional 'alla bolognese' method, a form of full-circle ringing developed in the 16th century, though sadly becoming increasingly rare.

Via Indipendenza, as we know it today, emerged in the 1880s, tracing the path of the ancient Roman Cardo Maximus to forge a vital link between the city center and the railway station. This bustling thoroughfare serves as a prime promenade, particularly the stretch extending from the Arena del Sole Theater to the crossroads of Via Rizzoli and Via Ugo Bassi.

It's a street of juxtapositions, where epochs collide harmoniously. Medieval and Renaissance buildings rub shoulders with faux antique 19th-century structures; high-end boutiques share sidewalks with street stalls; the world of business blends with the world of shopping.

Amidst this tapestry, don't overlook the Majani building, or "Palazzina Majani", an exemplar of Art Nouveau elegance crafted in the early 19th century to house the café and chocolate shop of the renowned Majani factory. While it now hosts a budget clothing retailer, its architectural finesse remains captivating – take note of the floral motifs adorning the portico capitals and wrought iron balconies.

Dominating the scene at Piazza di Porta Ravegnana, where the main gate of the Roman walls once stood, are the iconic Two Towers, emblematic of Bologna's medieval past when the city boasted around 120 such structures. Dating back to the 12th century, these likely served as both lookout points and symbols of prestige. Legend has it that the Asinelli and Garisenda families, engaged in a fierce competition to erect the tallest and most magnificent tower in the city.

For a taste of history and panoramic vistas over the terracotta rooftops, brave the ascent to the top of the Asinelli Tower, rising over 97 meters (318 feet) high. Though the climb is steep, navigating a narrow spiral staircase of nearly 500 steps, the reward is well worth the effort. From the summit, you can spot other surviving medieval towers and, weather permitting, catch a glimpse of the Alpine foothills beyond Verona. Like many of Bologna's towers, both the Two Towers have a noticeable tilt: Garisenda tilts 3.33 meters (11 feet) northeast, while Asinelli leans 2.23 meters (7.3 feet) westward. Originally reaching 60 meters (197 feet), Garisenda was truncated by 12 meters (39 feet) in the mid-14th century due to unstable foundations; however, from certain angles, the two towers appear to be of equal height. Dante, who briefly sojourned in Bologna during his exile from Florence, famously referenced the leaning tower in "The Inferno" (before its reduction), likening it to the bent figure of Antaeus, the giant son of Poseidon, trapped in ice at the depths of hell.

Beneath the towers, yet not overshadowed, stands the 17th-century Saint Bartholomew's Church, featuring a Renaissance portico. Inside, seek out Francesco Albani's "Annunciation" in the fourth chapel of the south aisle, and Guido Reni's small "Madonna with Child" in the north transept. On the square's north side, the abrupt appearance of a starkly modern office building sparked controversy in the 1950s.

Tucked away from the Main Square ("Piazza Maggiore") lies the Quadrilatero, a historic maze of food shops bustling with the same lively energy it had during its medieval prime. This ancient enclave was once the domain of the city's guilds, including blacksmiths, goldsmiths, butchers, fishmongers, and furriers, whose legacies live on in the street names today.

For an authentic taste of Emilia, look no further than this vibrant culinary hub. Open-air stalls, specialty food shops, and the Middle Market-now transformed into a chic food hall-offer a tempting array of regional delicacies and freshly prepared tapas-style snacks. Visitors are encouraged to indulge in a bit of "gaze and graze," sampling juicy peaches, cherries, intricately crafted pastries, handmade pasta, savory delights like pink Parma ham, and freshly caught seafood.

For a quick bite, grab some fried fish from Pescheria Pavaglione or listen to the satisfying smack of pizza dough being prepared at Rossopomodoro pizzeria. And let's not forget about the Baladin microbrewery tucked away in the basement-a haven for craft beer enthusiasts and burger aficionados alike. With its quirky, vintage-chic decor and two floors of inviting space, it's a must-visit spot for those seeking a taste of the unconventional.

Just a stone's throw east of the bustling Main Square ("Piazza Maggiore"), the Church of Holy Mary of Life offers a serene retreat. Despite its boldly frescoed 17th-century High Baroque interior, the true highlight is Niccolò dell'Arca's "Lamentation over the Dead Christ" (1463), a remarkable terracotta composition depicting life-size mourners grieving the death of Christ.

It's said that dell'Arca drew inspiration from the faces of the sick and suffering in the religious hospital complex where the church once belonged, capturing their raw expressions of grief with remarkable skill (apparently, the figure of Nicodemus is a self-portrait of the artist himself). Meanwhile, in the oratory, which hosts temporary exhibitions, visitors can find another poignant terracotta masterpiece: Alfonso Lombardi's "Death of the Virgin", which again presents an unusual perspective on a familiar story.

Dedicated to Petronius, the city's patron saint, this 14th-century edifice stands as Bologna's principal church, containing an impressive 22 side chapels and featuring the Four Crosses, one of the oldest Christian symbols in the city. As one of Italy's most monumental Gothic basilicas, capable of housing up to 28,000 people, it was on track to surpass Saint Peter's in Rome until Pope Pius IV diverted funds to establish a new university, the Archiginnasio. Consequently, the façade, designed with cosmological and esoteric "diagramming", was left incomplete, with only partial cladding in pink Verona marble and a truncated transept visible down the alley to the right of the basilica. Nonetheless, San Petronio remains monumental, symbolizing civic will rather than religious authority. Built atop Roman foundations, the vaulted church reveals columns repurposed from the Augustan era, seamlessly integrated with medieval additions.

The Porta Magna, or central portal, features highly expressive reliefs, the final masterpiece of Sienese sculptor Jacopo della Quercia, which occupied the last 13 years of his life (1425−38). Adorning the architrave are scenes from the New Testament, while dramatic reliefs on the two pilasters flanking the door depict scenes from the Old Testament. Michelangelo, during his visit to Bologna in 1494, admired these reliefs and incorporated several motifs – such as "The Creation of Adam" – into the Sistine Ceiling. The lunette above the portal showcases the Madonna and Child between Saint Petronius and Saint Ambrose.

Also inside lies the world's longest indoor meridian line, inlaid into the pavement of the left aisle in 1655. Stretching 66.8 meters (219.16 feet), it was calculated and designed by astronomer Giovanni Cassini, who taught astronomy at the University. A sunray enters from a hole in the vault 27 meters high and precisely strikes the line, enabling accurate time measurement.

Tips:
Admission is free, but there's a small fee for photography. Visitors should adhere to the dress code, ensuring that shoulders and knees are covered. From the newly renovated panoramic terrace (reachable from Piazza Galvani via elevator and a short flight of stairs), one can enjoy magnificent views of the cityscape and the Apennine hills to the south.

On a sunny day, there's no better place to be than soaking up the atmosphere at café tables in Bologna's Main Square, known as "Piazza Maggiore", or lounging on the steps under the arcades. This historic square, one of the oldest in Italy, underwent expansion in the 14th century and saw the addition of many grand buildings in the 16th century.

At its heart stands the impressive yet incomplete Basilica of San Petronio, a beloved landmark among locals. Nearby, you'll find notable structures such as the Municipal Palace, Notaries' Palace, Podesta Palace, and the Palace of the Banks. Adorning the center of the square is Giambologna's renowned statue of Neptune.

The slightly raised platform in the middle, familiarly known as the "crescentone" after the local flat bread "crescente" it resembles, holds historical significance. Damaged by Allied tanks during the liberation of Bologna in 1945, it serves as a commemoration of that historic day. In July and August, the space transforms into one of Italy's largest outdoor cinemas during the Under the Stars of Cinema ("Sotto le stelle del Cinema") film festival, with over 3,000 chairs arranged on the "crescentone", solidifying its status as the cultural heart of the city.

Tip:
For visitors seeking convenience, the excellent tourist office on the square offers the Bologna Welcome Card, providing excellent value by offering free admission to many city museums and attractions, as well as discounts for shops, restaurants, and events.