El-Tarif Necropolis, Luxor

El-Tarif Necropolis is one of the oldest burial areas in the Theban Necropolis and is closely linked to the First Intermediate Period and early Middle Kingdom. It is best known for its large saff tombs, with long open courtyards and rows of rock-cut pillars cut into the hillside. Some 11th Dynasty rulers were buried here before royal cemeteries moved deeper into the western desert.

The tombs show how local rulers developed new forms of funerary architecture during a time of political change. The vast royal courtyards were surrounded by smaller tombs for officials and attendants, reflecting social rank even in death. A famous stela from the tomb of Intef II shows the king with his named hunting dogs, offering a rare glimpse into royal life and personal affection.

El-Tarif also has much older roots, with prehistoric remains linked to the Tarifian culture. Although many tombs are damaged, the site remains valuable for understanding early royal burial traditions and the society that shaped Egypt’s reunification.